The predicting value of the ratio of levator hiatus diameter to fetal head circumference in pregnant women at 37 weeks of gestation in the progression of the second stage of labor and levator ani injury 6 weeks postpartum.

Objective: This study investigated the predicting value of the ratio of levator hiatus diameter (LHS) to fetal head circumference (HC) in pregnant women at 37 weeks of gestation in the progression of the second stage of labor and levator ani injury 6 weeks postpartum. Methods: A total of 120 first-time women who gave vaginal delivery at 37 weeks of pregnancy were selected as the subjects in our hospital during March 2021 to March 2022. The subjects were divided into the second stage of labor > 1 h group and the second stage of labor ≤ 1 h group, according to the delivery time of the second stage of labor. According to the 6-week postpartum follow-up ultrasound examination with or without levator ani injury, they were divided into levator ani injury group and no injury group. All primipara women underwent three-dimensional ultrasonography at 37 weeks of gestation, and the resting LHS, Valsalva LHS, fetal HC and the ratio of resting LHS and fetal HC were compared. The correlation between these factors and the length of the second labor stage was analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis. The value of these factors in predicting labor progression and postpartum levator ani injury was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results: The resting LHS, Valsalva LHS and the ratio of resting LHS and fetal HC in the levator ani injury group were lower than these in the no injury group, while fetal HC in the levator ani injury group was higher than that in the no injury group (P < 0.05). The resting LHS, Valsalva LHS and the ratio of resting LHS and fetal HC in the second stage of labor > 1 h group were lower than these in the second stage of labor ≤ 1 h group, while fetal HC in the second stage of labor > 1 h group was higher than that in the second stage of labor ≤ 1 h group (P < 0.05). A significant negative correlation was observed between resting LHS/HC and total labor process (=-0.333, P < 0.01). ROC curve analysis showed that the AUCs of resting LHS, Valsalva LHS, HC, and resting LHS/HC ratio in predicting prolongation of the second stage of labor were 0.741, 0.740, 0.702, and 0.843 respectively. Besides, the AUCs of resting LHS, Valsalva LHS, HC, and resting LHS/HC ratio in predicting the total labor process were 0.657, 0.684, 0.768, and 0.836 respectively. The AUCs of resting LHS, Valsalva LHS, HC, and resting LHS/HC ratio in predicting postpartum levator ani muscle injury were 0.769, 0.773, 0.747, and 0.885 respectively.These results suggested that the ratio of resting LHS and fetal HC may have certain clinical value in predicting levator ani injury in pregnant women. Conclusion: LHS, fetal HC and the ratio of resting LHS and fetal HC are significantly correlated with labor progression and postpartum levator ani injury, which have certain value in predicting labor progress and postpartum levator ani injury. Therein, the ratio of resting LHS and fetal HC has the highest predictive value, and early detection of the ratio of resting LHS and fetal HC is helpful to guide the selection of appropriate delivery mode.

Association of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection at the time of admission for delivery with labor process and outcomes of vaginal birth: A cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to investigate the impact of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection at the time of admission for delivery on labor process and outcomes of vaginal birth. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cohort study was carried out at the Obstetrics Department of Anhui Provincial Hospital, China, where universal reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing for SARS-CoV-2 infection was introduced for all women admitted for labor and delivery from December 1-31, 2022. Women were divided into positive and negative groups based on the test result. All women having a singleton vaginal birth were included in final analysis. The effect of SARS-CoV-2 positivity on labor process and outcomes of vaginal birth was estimated by regression analyses. RESULTS: Among a total of 360 women included, 87 had a positive SARS-CoV-2 test and 273 a negative test. Women in the positive group had an increased likelihood of having longer labor (median 9.3 vs 8.3 hours; sB [log-transformed] 0.19; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.09-0.28), episiotomy (39.1% vs 23.8%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.31; 95% CI 1.27-4.21), grade III meconium-stained amniotic fluid (19.5% vs 7.0%; aOR 2.52; 95% CI 1.15-5.54) and postpartum hospital stay exceeding 37 hours (58.6% vs 46.5%; aOR 1.71; 95% CI 1.00-2.91). They had reduced rates exclusive breastfeeding (26.7% vs 39%; aOR 0.21; 95% CI 0.09-0.46) as well as mixed feeding (46.5% vs 52.2%; aOR 0.28; 95% CI 0.13-0.60) at 1 week postpartum. No significant differences were observed in other aspects of labor process and birth outcomes, including the uptake of labor analgesia, postpartum hemorrhage (>500 mL) or neonatal outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: A positive maternal SARS-CoV-2 test in labor among women having vaginal birth was associated with a slightly longer duration of labor, increased likelihood of episiotomy, increased incidence of grade III meconium-stained amniotic fluid, a longer postpartum hospital stay and a lower rate of breastfeeding 1 week postpartum. However, it did not have an adverse impact on other birth outcomes.

Delivery in a vertical birth chair supported by freedom of movement during labor: A randomized control trial.

To evaluate the effect of delivery in a vertical birth chair (VBC) and traditional delivery table (DT) supported by women's movement during labor on the labor process, fetal outcome, maternal hormone levels, birth comfort, and satisfaction. This randomized controlled trial was conducted with 1:1:1 allocation. Group 1: in the VBC in upright position, Group 2: on the DT in supine position, these groups supported by freedom of movement, control group: on the DT in supine position, labor in bed. The duration of second stage of labor was not different between the groups (p = 0.246). The occurrence of instrumental birth, episiotomy, and perineal laceration was also not different among the groups (p = 0.772, p = 0.953, and p = 0.124). The use of uterotonic was observed in control group (p = 0.001). 1 and 5 APGAR scores of newborns were not different in all groups (p = 0.121, p = 0.268). The lowest pain score was observed in Group 1 (p = 0.001). Birth comfort and satisfaction were higher in Group 1 (p = 0.001 and p = 0.001). Decreased postpartum prolactin levels and increased postpartum oxytocin levels were observed in the control and Group 1 (p = 0.004, p = 0.006). Freedom of movement during labor and delivery using VBC in upright position can play birth-promoting and supporting role. There were no negative effects on the fetal outcome.

High demand, high commitment work: What residential aged care staff actually do minute by minute: A participatory action study.

This article explores staff work patterns in an Australian residential aged care facility and the implications for high-quality care. Rarely available minute by minute, time and motion, and ethnographic data demonstrate that nurses and care staff engage in high degrees of multitasking and mental switching between residents. Mental switching occurs up to 18 times per hour (every 3 min); multitasking occurs on average for 37 min/h. Labor process theory is used to examine these outcomes and to explore the concepts of high demand and high commitment as core components of work intensification. These conditions of work result in high levels of cognitive burden and stress on staff in managing the multitasking and mental switching, exacerbated by lack of knowledge about residents associated with labor force casualization. These new interpretations of data in relation to mental and manual labor can contribute to understanding, and, therefore, problem solving, in the aged care sector.

Artificial intelligence at work: The problem of managerial control from call centers to transport platforms.

There has been much recent research on the topic of artificial intelligence at work, which is increasingly featuring in more types of work and across the labor process. Much research takes the application of artificial intelligence, in its various forms, as a break from the previous methods of organizing work. Less is known about how these applications of artificial intelligence build upon previous forms of managerial control or are adapted in practice. This paper aims to situate the use of artificial intelligence by management within a longer history of control at work. In doing so, it seeks to draw out the novelty of the technology, while also critically appraising the impact of artificial intelligence as a managerial tool. The aim is to understand the contest at work over the introduction of these tools, taking call centers and transport platforms as case studies. Call centers are important because they have been a site of struggle over previous forms of electronic surveillance and computation control, providing important lessons for how artificial intelligence is, or may, be used in practice. In particular, this paper will draw out moments and tactics in algorithmic management has been challenged at work, using this as a discussion point for considering the possible future of artificial intelligence at work.

Producing paramedicine: Case studies in the medical labor process.

How is medical labor power, that being the capacity to assemble, adjust, or arrange medical subjects, converted into medical practice? Drawing on three qualitative case studies in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, we argue that this conversion is shaped by pressures channeled through the relations that medical workers enter into with patients "from below" and managers "from above." We demonstrate this by examining a common empirical object: ambulance labor. In addition to providing a unique window into the varieties of medical work, paramedicine offers a strategic venue for examining the kinds of productive relations that medical laborers enter into. Our research shows how the labor process is shaped by patient requests that can either conform or contradict workers' shared sense of vocation. We also detail how this same process is simultaneously pressured by managers who are generally focused on increasing both the flexibility and the visibility of their workers. Many of these pressures, we argue, can be linked to common forces of neoliberalism across our three nations. Our analysis of the medical labor process inspires some practical recommendations to reform ambulance-based care. However, our primary aim is to advance a labor-centric approach to studying medicine.

"The workload is staggering": Changing working conditions of stay-at-home mothers under COVID-19 lockdowns.

The COVID-19 pandemic has drawn attention to the home as a work environment, but the focus has centered on the experiences of paid workers. Stay-at-home mothers (SAHMs), for whom the home was already a workplace, have received little attention. This article explores how pandemic-induced lockdowns impacted SAHMs' working conditions and their experiences of childrearing. Combining a Marxist-feminist conceptualization of domestic labor with a labor process framework, we performed a qualitative content analysis of vignettes SAHMs shared about their day-to-day domestic labor in an online mothering community. Our findings show that, under lockdown conditions, the primacy given to partners' paid work combined with children's increased demands for care and attention reduced SAHMs work autonomy and exacerbated gender inequalities in the home. Combining labor process theory with literature on motherwork illuminates the home as a gendered work environment and enhances understanding of how changing conditions of domestic labor can intensify gender inequalities (and workers' awareness of them) that typically remain "hidden in the household."

Delivery Modality Affect Neonatal Levels of Inflammation, Stress, and Growth Factors.

Introduction: As part of the study CODIBINE, Correlations and Diagnoses for Biomarkers in New-borns, the main objective of the study was to explore neonatal inflammation, stress, neurodevelopment, and growth factors after in-labor and pre-labor cesarean section compared to vaginal delivery. Increasing evidence has shown that birth delivery mode has an impact on imminent and long-term child health. However, the effect of the timing of cesarean section is insufficiently elucidated. The main objective of the study was to explore the effect of different delivery modes, vaginal delivery compared to cesarean section with or without initiation of labor, on the infants. Methods: We designed a retrospective cohort study, including dried blood spot samples from mature (gestational age ≥ 37) newborns delivered in the years 2009-2011. The newborns were divided into three groups after delivery mode: (1) pre-labor cesarean section (n = 714), i.e., cesarean delivery without initiation of labor, (2) in-labor cesarean section (n = 655), i.e., cesarean section after initiation of labor, and (3) vaginal delivery (n = 5,897). We measured infant levels of inflammatory (IL-18, MCP-1, CRP, sTNF RI), stress (HSP-70), growth (EGF, VEGF-A), and neurotrophic factors (BDNF, NT-3, S100B) 2-4 days after birth. Results: The neonatal levels of inflammatory and stress markers were significantly lower, while the levels of growth factors were higher after pre-labor cesarean section compared to vaginal delivery. The biomarker levels were similar after in-labor cesarean section and vaginal delivery. Removing cases with pre-labor rupture of membranes and artificial rupture of membranes in the calculations did not change the results. The levels of neurotrophic factors were unaffected by delivery form. Males had generally higher levels of inflammation and lower levels of growth and neurotrophic factors. Overall, the levels of inflammatory markers increased, and the growth factors decreased with increasing gestational age. Conclusion: The present study of the biomarker levels after birth suggests that the labor process has an important effect on the fetal immune system and level of stress, regardless if the delivery ends with cesarean section or vaginal birth.

Abordagens do trabalho no setor público de saúde: uma revisão narrativa da literatura / Enfoque del trabajo en el sector público de salud: una revisión narrativa de la literatura / Approaches of work in the public health sector: a narrative review of literature

Resumo Trata-se de revisão narrativa de literatura para identificar diferentes abordagens teóricas que vêm sendo utilizadas na discussão sobre o trabalho em saúde. Nosso objetivo foi atualizar o conhecimento sobre essa temática pelo mapeamento das diferentes estratégias metodológicas. Organizou-se a bibliografia segundo três perspectivas de análise: mercado - os sujeitos do trabalho vistos como força produtiva; Estado - os sujeitos do trabalho entendidos como elo entre o Estado e a sociedade; e atividade - a dimensão subjetiva do trabalho. Tal estratégia possibilitou uma visão integrada do campo, apontando os diferentes, porém complementares, caminhos metodológicos para a análise do trabalho no setor público de saúde.

Abstract This is a narrative review of literature identifying different theoretical approaches that have been used in the discussion about health work. Our objective was to update the knowledge about this theme by mapping the different methodological strategies. The bibliography was organized according to three diferents perspectives of analysis: Market — the subjects of labor seen as a productive force, State — the subjects of labor understood as the link between State and Society, and Activity — the subjective dimension of work. This strategy made possible an integrated vision of the field, pointing out the different but complementary methodological paths for the analysis of work in the public health sector.

Resumen Este artículo es una revisión narrativa de literatura identificando diferentes enfoques teóricos que se han utilizado en la discusión sobre el trabajo en salud. Nuestro objetivo es actualizar el conocimiento sobre esta temática, mapeando las diferentes estrategias metodológicas. La bibliografía fue organizada según tres perspectivas de análisis: mercado - los sujetos del trabajo vistos como fuerza productiva, Estado - los sujetos del trabajo entendidos como vínculo entre Estado y sociedad, y actividad - la dimensión subjetiva del trabajo. Esta estrategia permitió una visión integrada del campo, señalando los diferentes, pero complementarios caminos metodológicos para el análisis del trabajo en el sector público de salud.

A DYNAMIC MODEL OF SELF-EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIOECONOMIC MOBILITY AMONG RETURN MIGRANTS: THE CASE OF URBAN MEXICO.

Return migrants engage in high rates of self-employment, which scholars commonly attribute to the accumulation of financial and human capital while working abroad. Central to this scholarship is the assumption that self-employment is positive and leads to upward economic mobility among return migrants. This scholarship is limited, however, because it relies on large surveys and cross-sectional census data that treat self-employment as a single uni-dimensional status measured at one point in time. To improve conceptualization and measurement of self- employment, we engage three bodies of research that have thus far had little cross-fertilization: the literature on work and self-employment in Latin America, the scholarship on return migration and self-employment, and developments in economic theories of international migration. Drawing on results from the first longitudinal analysis of the labor market trajectories of Mexican return migrants in a large urban area in central Mexico, we identify three types of self-employment - survivalist, temporary, and prosperous. To explain these divergent self-employment pathways, we draw on biographical narratives and identify two sets of mechanisms - human capital formation and life-course stage. Overall, our investigation of self-employment types suggests a complex relationship between international migration experiences and the labor market mobility of return migrants which cannot be understood without taking into consideration migrants' social and economic circumstances before, during, and after migration. Consequently, our study yields insights into economic theories of international migration and provides direction for future research on return migration and labor market reintegration.

Effect analysis of continuous epidural anesthesia and psychological intervention in painless labor / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To analyze the clinical effects of continuous epidural anesthesia and psychological intervention in painless labor. Methods From June 2016 to December 2016110 cases of maternal treatment in Ningbo city town of dragon longsai hospital as the research object, randomly divided into control group and observation group, control group of women to provide continuous epidural anesthesia, the observation group in continuous epidural anesthesia combined with psychological intervention measures. Results The two groups of pregnant women at different time scales VAS score, duration and other indicators, the data into the SPSS software, given the corresponding analysis and draw conclusions. Results The two groups of pain VAS score had no significant difference, the observation group each time after analgesia VAS score decreased than the control group(P<0.05); the first stage of the observation group was shorter than the control group (P<0.05), there was no significant difference between the 2 groups of second, third labor time. Conclusion Conclusion Epidural anesthesia and psychological intervention combined with painless labor have good analgesic effect and shorten the first stage of labor. .

Incorporação da tecnologia da informação na Atenção Básica do SUS no Nordeste do Brasil: expectativas e experiências / Incorporation of information technology in Primary Care of SUS in North-eastern Brazil: expectations and experiences

Resumo A incorporação de tecnologia da informação por meio do registro eletrônico de dados em saúde na atenção básica transforma a organização do trabalho e as práticas profissionais. O objetivo deste estudo é conhecer as expectativas e a experiência da informatização nos serviços de atenção básica do SUS na implantação do Sistema Cartão Nacional de Saúde (SCNS), Cartão SUS. Pesquisa qualitativa, que compara, por meio de 50 entrevistas e 96 questionários, a opinião dos profissionais de saúde sobre a inovação tecnológica, em locais “Sem” e “Com” o SCNS, nos municípios de João Pessoa (Paraíba) e de Aracaju (Sergipe), respectivamente. Há expectativa de que a informatização reduz o tempo para execução do trabalho, o que não foi confirmado pelo local informatizado. A informatização traz melhorias na organização do trabalho, para os usos da informação e possibilita a inserção digital do profissional. A tecnologia “leve” da atividade de cuidado da saúde não é reproduzida pela informatização, a qual aumenta a necessidade de incorporação de saberes aos profissionais, melhora as condições de trabalho, organiza a coleta de dados, aproxima os usos da informação por quem os registrou, e amplia a capacidade de gestão das políticas de saúde.

Abstract The incorporation of information technology (IT) via an electronic record of health data in primary care is transforming the organization of labor and professional practices in Brazil. The scope of this study is to establish the expectations and experiences of incorporating IT in the primary health care of the Unified Health System (SUS) with the implementation of the National Health Card System (SCNS). It involved qualitative research with 50 interviews and 96 questionnaires comparing the opinion of health professionals about technological innovation in locations with the SCNS and where it has not yet been incorporated in the cities of João Pessoa and Aracaju, respectively. The expectation was that IT would speed up the work schedule, which was not confirmed at the location where the SCNS had been incorporated. IT can improve labor organization, the flow of data and information and enable the digital insertion of the professional. The “light” technology of health care cannot be expedited by IT, as it is necessary to impart knowledge to the professionals. However, it can improve working conditions by data gathering and organization, giving immediate feedback to the professional recording the data and enhance the ability to manage health policies.

Processo de Trabalho da Enfermeira em Hospitais do Sistema Único de Saúde / Work process of nurses in hospitals of the National Health System

Introdução: Dentre as causas de fragilização dos vínculos de trabalho e aumento da exploração da força de trabalho nos hospitais públicos está a mudança nos modelos de gestão. As enfermeiras, como trabalhadoras assalariadas, têm seu processo de trabalho intensamente atingido por essas mudanças e, portanto, a análise do processo de trabalho da enfermeira pode revelar as condições sociais da produção da saúde nos hospitais do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as características do processo de trabalho das enfermeiras em hospitais da rede estadual do SUS na Bahia sob administração direta e sob administração indireta. Métodos: Estudo descritivo e exploratório, quantitativo, realizado nos hospitais da rede estadual de serviços de saúde da Bahia. Foram entrevistadas 256 enfermeiras no período de março a outubro de 2015. Os dados foram analisados com frequências uni e bivariadas e medidas de tendência central e desvio-padrão. Na análise bivariada empregou-se o teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson, Fisher ou Tendência Linear. Utilizou-se o coeficiente Kappa para avaliação da concordância entre atividades auto referidas e avaliadas. Adotou-se a significância estatística de 5%. Resultados: Na amostra, predominaram mulheres pardas e pretas, com idade média de 39 anos, qualificadas, qualificadas com remuneração entre 3 e 4 salários mínimos. Nos dois grupos observaram-se longas jornadas diárias de trabalho (86,7% ≥ 12 horas), alta proporção de duplo vínculo empregatício (58,6%), sobrecarga de pacientes (56,6%), falta de tempo para interação com o usuário (53,5%) e polivalência (54,3%). As atividades mais frequentemente realizadas foram a sistematização da assistência (64,1%) e os procedimentos técnicos (63,3%). Houve baixa concordância entre a atividade predominante auto-referida e atividade predominante avaliada (p=0,000), com predomínio de atividades assistenciais-administrativas (47,8%). As enfermeiras em hospitais sob administração direta comparadas às sob administração indireta eram mais velhas (p=0,000), mais experientes (p=0,000), cumpriam menores jornadas semanais de trabalho (p=0,000) e trabalhavam em turnos menos estressantes (p=0,015). Contudo tinham menos acesso a educação permanente (p=0,000), executavam mais atividades para as quais não eram qualificadas (0,024), participavam menos de reuniões (p=0,000) e de tomada de decisões (p=0,018), utilizavam menos protocolos operacionais (p=0,000), tinham menor disponibilidade e menor adequação de materiais e equipamentos (p=0,000), realizavam mais adaptações e improvisos (p=0,000) e dispunham de piores condições de trabalho para atender o perfil de gravidade do usuário (p=0,000). Conclusão: Constatou-se homogeneidade entre os grupos quanto às características dos objetos de trabalho e das atividades, com alta proporção de subdimensionamento de pessoal, polivalência, intensificação do trabalho e baixos salários, resultando em precarização do trabalho. Houve diferença entre os grupos quanto aos agentes, benéfica para o grupo sob administração direta, e quanto aos instrumentos, vantajosa para o grupo sob administração indireta. Os resultados clamam pelo aumento de salários, redução das jornadas diárias e semanais, aumento do número de trabalhadoras nos hospitais públicos do SUS e viabilização da sua qualificação.(AU)

Effects of Anisodamine Combined with Oxytocin on Labor Process of Lying-in Women with Prolonged Active Phase in the First Labor Process and Related Indicators of Newborn / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of anisodamine combined with oxytocin on labor process of lying-in women with prolonged active phase in the first labor process and related indicators of newborns. METHODS:216 lying-in women with pro-longed active phase in the first labor process were randomly divided into control group(108 cases)and observation group(108 cas-es). All lying-in women were artificially ruptured,based on it,control group was given 2.5 u Oxytocin for injection,adding into 500 ml 5% Glucose injection by intravenous infusion,the drip rate was appropriately adjusted based on contractions;observation group was additionally given 10 mg raceanisodamine hydrochloride,adding into 10 ml 5% Glucose injection by intravenous infu-sion by 5 min slow intravenous injection. The fetal heart was warded to closely observe the labor process during medication. The cervical maturity,labor process time,delivery mode and postpartum situation of lying-in women,Apgar score,body mass and inci-dence of adverse reactions of newborn in 2 groups were observed. RESULTS:The lying-in women cases with no less than 9 cervi-cal maturity,natural delivery rate and 5 min newborn Apgar score in observation group were significantly higher than control group, lying-in women cases with 7-9 scores and less than 7 scores,cesarean section rate,perineal/ straight cut rate and 24 h postpartum hemorrhage were significantly lower than control group,the second,the third and total labor process were significantly shorter than control group,the differences were statistically significant(P0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Anisodamine combined with oxytocin can accelerate the cervical dilation of lying-in women with pro-longed active phase,shorten labor process,reduce cesarean section rate and improve prognosis,it did not affect the body mass of newborns,with good safety.

Paradoxo dos motoristas que lutam: entre movimentos sociais por transporte coletivo urbano, o trabalho no ônibus / Paradox of the bus drivers who struggle: between social movements for urban mass transit, the work in the bus / Paradoja de los conductores que luchan: entre los movimientos sociales por el transporte masivo urbano, el trabajo en autobús / Paradoxe des chauffeurs qui luttent: entre les mouvements sociaux pour le transport collectif urbain, le travail dans le bus

Discute-se como a atividade do motorista de ônibus funciona como uma luta social por transporte coletivo urbano em meio ao tensionamento entre movimentos sociais. O contexto brasileiro de construção das políticas públicas de transporte coletivo urbano é considerado como baseado no paradigma empresarial pela conjunção entre gestões pública e privada. A apropriação dos conceitos de processo de trabalho e de atividade situada é proposta visando construir um plano analítico que integre a luta política e a gestão do trabalho. Perspectiva-se, por esta via, poder abordar a atividade do motorista de ônibus como meio crucial das lutas por transporte público na cidade.(AU)

It discusses how the activity of bus driver works as a social struggle for urban mass transit amid the tension between social movements. It is approached the brazilian context of construction of the public policies on urban transportation by the conjunction between public and private managements based on business paradigm. It is proposed the appropriation of the concepts of labor process and of situated activity towards the construction of a plan that integrates the political struggle and the work management. It is expected therefore the approaching of the activity of the bus driver as a crucial way of the struggles for urban public transportation.(AU)

Est discutée comment l'activité de chauffeur de bus fonctionne comme une lutte sociale pour le transport collectif urbain au milieu de la tension entre mouvements sociaux. Le contexte brésilien de la construction des politiques publiques sur le transport en commun urbain est considéré basé sur le paradigme d'entreprise par la conjonction entre gestions publique et privée. L'appropriation des concepts de processus de travail et de activité située est proposé pour construire un plan analytique qui intègre la lutte politique et la gestion du travail. De cette façon, on peut aborder l'activité de conducteur de bus comme luttes cruciales pour le transport collectif urbain.(AU)

Paradoxo dos motoristas que lutam: entre movimentos sociais por transporte coletivo urbano, o trabalho no ônibus / Paradox of the bus drivers who struggle: between social movements for urban mass transit, the work in the bus / Paradoja de los conductores que luchan: entre los movimientos sociales por el transporte masivo urbano, el trabajo en autobús / Paradoxe des chauffeurs qui luttent: entre les mouvements sociaux pour le transport collectif urbain, le travail dans le bus

Discute-se como a atividade do motorista de ônibus funciona como uma luta social por transporte coletivo urbano em meio ao tensionamento entre movimentos sociais. O contexto brasileiro de construção das políticas públicas de transporte coletivo urbano é considerado como baseado no paradigma empresarial pela conjunção entre gestões pública e privada. A apropriação dos conceitos de processo de trabalho e de atividade situada é proposta visando construir um plano analítico que integre a luta política e a gestão do trabalho. Perspectiva-se, por esta via, poder abordar a atividade do motorista de ônibus como meio crucial das lutas por transporte público na cidade.

It discusses how the activity of bus driver works as a social struggle for urban mass transit amid the tension between social movements. It is approached the brazilian context of construction of the public policies on urban transportation by the conjunction between public and private managements based on business paradigm. It is proposed the appropriation of the concepts of labor process and of situated activity towards the construction of a plan that integrates the political struggle and the work management. It is expected therefore the approaching of the activity of the bus driver as a crucial way of the struggles for urban public transportation.

Se discute como la actividad del conductor de autobús funciona como lucha social para eltransporte urbano por medio de la tensión entre movimientos sociales. Se considera elcontexto brasileño de la construcción de políticas públicas de transportación urbana basadoen la conjunción entre las gestiones pública y privada bajo el paradigma empresarial. Sepropone la apropiación de los conceptos de proceso de trabajo y de actividad situada debidoa la construcción de un plan que integre la lucha política y la gestión del trabajo. Se espera,por tanto, poder acercarse a la actividad del conductor de autobús como medio cruciale delas luchas por el transporte público en la ciudad.

Est discutée comment l'activité de chauffeur de bus fonctionne comme une lutte sociale pour le transport collectif urbain au milieu de la tension entre mouvements sociaux. Le contexte brésilien de la construction des politiques publiques sur le transport en commun urbain est considéré basé sur le paradigme d'entreprise par la conjonction entre gestions publique et privée. L'appropriation des concepts de processus de travail et de activité située est proposé pour construire un plan analytique qui intègre la lutte politique et la gestion du travail. De cette façon, on peut aborder l'activité de conducteur de bus comme luttes cruciales pour le transport collectif urbain.

Género y trabajo: experiencia de las prestadoras de las casas de salud de mujeres indígenas de Guerrero y Oaxaca / Gender and work: the experience of providers of health services

OBJETIVO: Identificar, a través del discurso de prestadoras de servicio de las Casas de Salud de las Mujeres Indígenas de México en Ometepec, Guerrero y Matías Romero, Oaxaca, el papel de género en el desempeño de su rol como trabajadoras. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio cualitativo, basado en un análisis secundario de las entrevistas realizadas como parte del proyecto "Rescatando la experiencia de la Casa de la Mujer Indígena: sistematización y evaluación del proceso". RESULTADOS: Se identificó un importante valor al trabajo y compromiso hacia la comunidad. La culpa aparece como producto de la tensión entre el trabajo fuera del hogar y las responsabilidades como madres y esposas. La posibilidad de ayudar a otras mujeres es fuente de gratificación que disipa estos conflictos; el prestigio y el reconocimiento se suman a las ganancias de su rol. CONCLUSIONES: La experiencia laboral de las mujeres trabajadoras en la "casa de la mujer indígena" de Matías Romero, Oaxaca, y Ometepec, Guerrero, descrita en este trabajo muestra que tiene características muy específicas de difícil replicación en otras regiones del país. En estudios futuros es necesario considerar los diferentes contextos de vulnerabilidad.

The scope of this paper was to identify the role of gender for women as workers, through the perception and discourse of health service providers at the 'Health Centers for Indigenous Women' ("Casas de Salud de las Mujeres Indígenas") in Ometepec, Guerrero and Matías Romero, Oaxaca, Mexico. It is a qualitative study, based on a secondary analysis of the interviews conducted as part of the "Rescatando la experiencia de la Casa de la Mujer Indígena: sistematización y evaluación del proceso" project. A strong sense of the value of work and a strong commitment towards the community were identified. Guilt appears as the result of tension between work outside the home and the responsibilities as mothers and wives. The possibility of helping other women is a source of gratification that dissipates these conflicts; prestige and recognition are added to the benefits of their role. The labor experience of female workers in the "Casas de Salud de las Mujeres Indígenas" of Matías Romero, Oaxaca and Ometepec, Guerrero, described in this paper, reveals that it has very specific characteristics, which are difficult to replicate in other regions of the country. In future studies it is necessary to consider the different contexts of vulnerability.

O agronegócio do camarão: processo de trabalho e riscos à saúde dos trabalhadores no município de Aracati/Ceará / The shrimp-farming agrobusiness in the municipal district of Aracati, Ceará, Brazil: labour process and risks to workers health

Embora a carcinicultura seja uma atividade considerada positiva, estudos apontam seus impactos negativos referentes ao trabalhador, ao meio ambiente e ao uso descontrolado dos recursos naturais. Este estudo analisou os empreendimentos de carcinicultura do município de Aracati/Ceará, identificou as inter-relações entre os processos produtivos, o ambiente e a saúde dos trabalhadores e analisou suas implicações para o ambiente e a saúde dos trabalhadores. A metodologia seguiu três fases para realização da pesquisa empírica: aproximação com o concreto do trabalho na carcinicultura; estudo dos processos produtivo; e análise discursiva. Os resultados indicam que a indústria de carcinicultura, no município, composta de 16 estabelecimentos, empregou 1.154 trabalhadores, entre 2005 e 2006, cujo perfil evidencia predominância do sexo masculino, na faixa etária de 22 a 30 anos. O processo de trabalho, geralmente, expõe os trabalhadores a longas jornadas, a intenso esforço físico e posturas inadequadas, à radiação infravermelha e ultravioleta, à inalação de metabissulfito de sódio e gases resultantes de sua diluição em água registrando um caso de morte por edema pulmonar agudo entre os trabalhadores. As alterações ambientais têm levado à redução de espécies nativas do mangue e à salinização das reservas de água do município.

Although shrimp-farming is of well-known importance within the agrobusiness market, several studies pointed out its negative impacts on workers, environment and its uncontrolled use of natural resources. This study analysed shrimp-farming companies located in the municipal district of Aracati, in Ceará state, Brazil, identifying interrelations among productive processes, environment and workers health, and analyzing their implications for the environment and workers health. The research methodology followed three phases: connection with the concrete work on shrimp-farming, study of productive processes and discourse analysis. Results indicated that the 16 local shrimp-farming industries employed 1.154 workers from 2005 to 2006. Workers profile indicated a predominance of male gender, concentrated in the age group from 22 to 30 years. The work process, generally, exposed workers to long workdays, to intense physical effort and inadequate postures, to infra-red and ultraviolet radiation, to inhalation of sodium metabisulfit and of the gases resulting from its dilution in water with one registered case of death among those workers due to acute pulmonary edema. The environmental alterations have been leading to the reduction of native species in the swamp, and to the salinization of the municipal district water reservations.

A Política Nacional de Humanização como política que se faz no processo de trabalho em saúde / La Política Nacional de Humanización como política que se hace en el proceso de trabajo en salud / The National Humanization Policy as a policy produced within the healthcare labor process

Este artigo tem como objetivo realizar um exercício analítico do modo de fazer da Política Nacional de Humanização (PNH) sobre a função apoio institucional, com base em diferentes dispositivos, diretrizes e princípios. O texto está dividido em três partes: na primeira, traz reflexões acerca da concepção de humano e humanismo que fundamenta as análises; a segunda busca ampliar o debate sobre a indissociabilidade entre atenção e gestão e o modo de fazer apoio institucional; a terceira aborda a indissociabilidade entre a produção de serviços e produção de sujeitos, e encaminha a discussão dessas três partes que se desdobram em outros planos de análise. Ressalta, em todo o texto, a aposta na inclusão dos diferentes sujeitos e na análise e gestão coletiva dos processos de trabalho como estratégia para criar desestabilizações produtivas e práticas de humanização dos serviços de Saúde.

This paper had the aim of conducting an analytical exercise about how the National Humanization Policy is undertaken, with regard to the institutional support function, based on different mechanisms, guidelines and principles. The text is divided into three parts. The first part provides reflections concerning the concepts of humaneness and humanism on which the analyses are based. The second seeks to expand the debate regarding the indissociability of healthcare and management and the way of providing institutional support. The third covers the indissociability between the production of services and the production of subjects and moves the discussion on these three parts forward for them to be developed in other planes of analysis. Throughout the text, emphasis is placed on banking on including different subjects and on analysis and collective management of labor processes as a strategy for creating productive destabilization and humanization practices within the healthcare services.

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo hacer un ejercicio analítico del modo de hacer de la Política Nacional de Humanización, sobre la función apoyo institucional, con base en diferentes dispositivos, directrices y principios. El texto está dividido en tres partes. En la primera, trae reflexiones acerca de la concepción de humano y del humanismo que fundamenta los análisis. La segunda busca ampliar el debate sobre la inseparabilidad entre atención y gestión y el modo de hacer apoyo institucional. La tercera plantea la noción de inseparabilidad entre la producción de servicios y la producción de sujetos y encamina la discusión de estas tres partes que se desdoblan en otros planos de análisis. Resalta en todo el texto la apuesta en la inclusión de los diferentes sujetos y en el análisis y gestión colectiva de los procesos de trabajo como estrategia para crear desestabilizaciones productivas y prácticas de humanización de los servicios de salud.

Programa de educação permanente e continuada da equipe de enfermagem da clínica médica do Hospital Universitário Clemente de Faria: análise e proposições / Program of continuing education and continuing nursing staff of the medical clinic of University Hospital Clemente de Faria: analysis and proposals

O Hospital Universitário Clemente de Faria - HUCF do município de Montes Claros (MG) implantou um Programa de Educação Permanente e Continuada - PEPEC, a ser operacionalizado em todos os seus setores clínicos e administrativos, a partir de agosto de 2007. Relatórios do Programa indicaram que muitos setores apresentaram dificuldades para implementar a educação permanente em saúde- EPS, principalmente aquelas ações voltadas para as equipes de enfermagem, dada a sua complexidade. A coordenação do Programa decidiu, então, focalizar as ações na equipe de enfermagem da clínica médica do Hospital, ala “A”, que foi identificada como a clínica piloto para desenvolvimento das ações de melhoria dos serviços. Entretanto, verificou-se que mesmo após a mudança de estratégia e concentração dos esforços na referida clínica, a participação da equipe de Enfermagem nas atividades do Programa permanecia baixa, mesmo quando desenvolvidas no horário de serviço. O relatório do PEPEC aponta como motivos para a baixa adesão dos servidores a sobrecarga de trabalho, desmotivação e resistência à mudança. Todavia, os motivos apontados constituem-se em inferências da equipe gestora da Enfermagem e, portanto, precisavam ser analisados adequadamente para subsidiar o planejamento de ações interventoras. Justificativa: A pesquisa se justificou pela possibilidade de ampliação da produção bibliográfica acerca do processo de EPS. Trará contribuições à comunidade acadêmica e sociedade em geral, uma vez que apresenta a análise de uma situação real de implantação e desenvolvimento de uma ação de EPS. Os resultados poderão, também, orientar as Escolas Técnicas do SUS na (re)construção dos seus currículos. Tais instituições são formadoras de trabalhadores da área de saúde, devendo se orientar nas diretrizes e políticas do Sistema, a fim de contribuir para sua consolidação e melhoria da qualidade dos serviços no SUS...

The University Hospital Clemente de Faria (HUCF), municipality of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais State, has implemented a Program of Permanent and Continuing Education (PEPEC), expected to be operational in all its clinical and administrative sectors from August, 2007. PEPEC reports have indicated that several sectors have had difficulty in implementing permanent education in health (EPS), especially those actions directed to nursing staff, given their complexity. The coordination of the program then decided to focus the actions on the nursing staff of the wing “A” of the medical clinic of the Hospital, which was identified as the pilot for clinical development of actions to improve services. However, it was found that even after the change of strategy, the nursing team's participation in the Program activities remained low even when developed in the timetable. The PEPEC‟s report points as reasons for the low adherence of the servers the overload of work, low motivation and resistance to change. However, the reasons cited above are based on inferences of the nursing managing team and, therefore, needed to be properly analyzed to support the planning of intervention. Rationale: The research was justified by the possibility of extending the literature about the EPS process. It will bring contributions to the academic community and the society in general, since it presents the analysis of a real situation of implementation and development of an action of EPS. The results could also guide the SUS Technical Schools (ETSUS) (re)construction of their curricula. Such institutions are responsible for forming health workers and should be supported by guidelines and policies of the system in order to contribute to its consolidation and to improve the quality of services in SUS...